The fine-tuning argument is one of the most influential formulations in contemporary philosophy of religion, emphasizing the precise coordination of the fundamental constants and laws of nature required for the possibility of life. Employing an analytical–descriptive approach, this study examines the argument across four levels: scientific, philosophical, theological, and critical analysis. The scientific analysis demonstrates that even minor variations in key cosmic parameters would undermine the formation of life-permitting structures, thereby raising a “why-question” that extends beyond the explanatory scope of empirical science. The philosophical analysis, drawing on the principle of sufficient reason and Bayesian reasoning, argues that the hypothesis of divine design provides a superior explanatory and probabilistic account when compared with chance-based explanations or multiverse hypotheses. The theological analysis highlights the role of the fine-tuning argument in strengthening religious faith and offering rational support for belief in a wise creator, rather than functioning as a deductive proof of God’s existence. The critical analysis addresses objections that characterize the argument as involving probabilistic or conceptual fallacies; nevertheless, precise physical data, cosmological simulations, and Bayesian frameworks lend substantial epistemic support to the argument. Accordingly, the fine-tuning argument remains a legitimate and fruitful framework for relating scientific findings to philosophical and theological inquiry, although it requires further methodological clarification and explicit articulation of its probabilistic presuppositions.
Ebrahimi, V. and musavi, S. M. (2026). "Analytical Review of Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Fine-Tuning Argument and Critical Perspectives". New Theological Teachings, (), -. doi: 10.22034/ntt.2026.3348.1173
MLA
Ebrahimi, V. , and musavi, S. M. . ""Analytical Review of Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Fine-Tuning Argument and Critical Perspectives"", New Theological Teachings, , , 2026, -. doi: 10.22034/ntt.2026.3348.1173
HARVARD
Ebrahimi, V., musavi, S. M. (2026). '"Analytical Review of Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Fine-Tuning Argument and Critical Perspectives"', New Theological Teachings, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22034/ntt.2026.3348.1173
CHICAGO
V. Ebrahimi and S. M. musavi, ""Analytical Review of Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Fine-Tuning Argument and Critical Perspectives"," New Theological Teachings, (2026): -, doi: 10.22034/ntt.2026.3348.1173
VANCOUVER
Ebrahimi, V., musavi, S. M. "Analytical Review of Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Fine-Tuning Argument and Critical Perspectives". New Theological Teachings, 2026; (): -. doi: 10.22034/ntt.2026.3348.1173
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